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Mechanisms of semantic
information processing
Igor P. Kuznetsov. M.
"Nauka", 1978. - 175 p.
ANNOTATION
Monograph
consists of 7 chapters. In first three is proposed the formalism of system
construction, that are been based on the knowledge (factographic,
logic-informational, analytical and other) is proposed. The trend in their
development is connected with their orientation to the end user that does not
have special knowledge in the area of computers.
Users must have access to computer information
in the convenient forms. For this the organization of the model of subject
area, the development of the so-called intellectual interface are required. It
shows that in the solution of this problem the task of representation and using
the knowledge is very significant. On the basis of the study of the existing
systems and anlysing the special features of natural language texts the new formalism
of knowleddge representation (language of the extended semantic networks - ESN)
is proposed.
Standard semantic networks are consisted
from the nodes, which correspond to objects. Nodes are connected by the arcs,
which have the markers of relations. However, with the aid of similar networks it
is very difficulty to present the complicated information. Therefore in the
network we introduce the nodes, which correspond to the names of relations,
“complex” nodes, which correspond to the objects together with their relation,
and also special element, called the connection node. The last node is inserted
instead arc and connects by one edge to the node-relation, and by other edges -
to the node-objects. As result the elementary fragment is formed. Networks ESN
is the development of semantic networks in the direction of an increase in the representative
possibilities with the preservation the property of gomogenious. In ESN the free
location of nodes positions are allowed. As a result following representation becomes
possible: when the names of relations play the role of objects and connected by
own relations, when the composition of objects is broken on the levels of detalisation,
representation of generalized information (with the quantifiers) and others
The fourth and fifth chapters are dedicated
to information processing, represented by ESN. For this the method of the
comparison of two networks is introduced and is based. It provides the identification
of indeterminate components of inputed information. This method is the development
of the principle of comparison on the model for the case of gomogenious representation
taking into account the possibility of the generalized represantation. At the
basis of method we introduce the rules of identification, which make possible
to connect nodes and to compare networks in accordance with the laws of logic.
In this case in the network the nodes- variables, which correspond to the
indeterminate objects, are introduced. In the process of comparison such nodes
are indeficated or they put value. According to the given rules any node of the
network Kn1 can be identified with the set of nodes from another network - Kn2.
The network Kn1 is adequate the network Kn2, if there is such version of
replacements of nodes from Kn1 to the identified nodes, with which of Kn1 is
obtained Kn2.The matching network Kn1 with Kn2 consist in the search into Kn2
of all parts, which are adequate to Kn1. From each such part are selected the nodes,
with which are identified the nodes-variables from Kn1. The first becomes the
value of the second.
The
problem of identification of the indeterminate components, answer to the
demands of factographic information is solved by comparison. The rules of the
transformation of networks (prototype of the productions of language DEKL) are
introduced. The procedures and the algorithms of solution of the intellectual
test problems, used for checking the mental development of the man are examined
on this basis: verbal tests (when in the place of points it is necessary to put
letter in order to obtain correct words), kriptoarifmetical tasks and so on. Such
way we show the possibility to build systems with the sufficiently high
coefficient of mental development.
The sixth chapter is dedicated to the task
of generalization at the level of homogenous structures - ESN. Method of using
ESN for representation of the logic predicate (the first and second order) is
considered. Quantifiers are considered as the special relations, which connect
the nodes-variables. We introduce metarools of generalization and inductive
conclusion that is provided by the construction of ESN with quantifiers. Then
we introduce methods and algorithms of their use for the
answer to the factographic questions, including to the questions of the
generalized nature. The logical validity of these procedures is proved.
Last chapter is dedicated to questions of
the use of the introduced means for representation and processing of linguistic
knowledge. We consider using the method of comparison for the recognition of
the erroneously written words, for entities extaction, for analysing semantic
preferences, non-linguistic values and others. This speaks about a sufficient
universality of the proposed means and procedures for construction of the intellectual
systems of different classes.
Kuznetsov Igor Petrovich
(igor-kuz@mtu-net.ru)